ABSTRACT
CONTEXTE: De nombreuses études sur les complications de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ont reposé sur des séries de cas et de petites cohortes qui ne permettaient pas d'établir un lien causal avec la COVID-19 ni d'estimer les risques dans les différents milieux de soins. Nous avons voulu étudier toutes les complications possibles de la COVID-19 afin de confirmer les complications précédemment déclarées et d'identifier de potentielles complications encore inconnues. MÉTHODES: À partir des données sur les demandes de remboursement de frais médicaux aux États-Unis, nous avons comparé la fréquence de tous les codes de diagnostic de la Classification internationale des maladies, 10 e révision, modification clinique (CIM-10-MC) enregistrés avant et après le déclenchement de la pandémie de COVID-19 dans un modèle d'auto-appariement pré- et post-exposition. Nous avons inclus les patients ayant reçu un diagnostic de COVID-19 entre le 1er mars 2020 et le 30 avril 2020, et calculé les estimations de risque et les rapports de cotes (RC) pour le lien avec la COVID-19 de chaque code de diagnostic de la CIM-10-MC. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 1724 codes de diagnostic de la CIM-10-MC attribués à 70 288 patients atteints de COVID-19, 69 étaient significativement liés à la COVID-19. Les diagnostics étroitement liés à la COVID-19 et comportant un risque absolu élevé comprenaient la pneumonie virale (RC 177,63; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % 147,19214,37; risque absolu 27,6 %), l'insuffisance respiratoire (RC 11,36; IC à 95 % 10,7412,02; risque absolu 22,6 %), l'insuffisance rénale aiguë (RC 3,50; IC à 95 % 3,343,68; risque absolu 11,8 %) et la sepsie (RC 4,23; IC à 95 % 4,014,46; risque absolu 10,4 %). Les diagnostics étroitement liés à la COVID-19, mais comportant un risque absolu faible comprenaient la myocardite (RC 8,17; IC à 95 % 3,5818,62; risque absolu 0,1 %), la coagulation intravasculaire disséminée (RC 11,83; IC à 95 % 5,2626,62; risque absolu 0,1 %) et le pneumothorax (RC 3,38; IC à 95 % 2,684,26; risque absolu 0,4 %). INTERPRÉTATION: Nous avons confirmé et établi les estimations du risque de plusieurs complications de la COVID-19. Ces résultats pourraient orienter le pronostic, les décisions thérapeutiques et les conseils aux patients.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/etiology , Renal Insufficiency/etiology , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Risk Assessment/methods , Thrombosis/etiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , COVID-19/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Prognosis , Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology , Respiratory Insufficiency/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Thrombosis/epidemiology , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many studies reporting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications have involved case series or small cohorts that could not establish a causal association with COVID-19 or provide risk estimates in different care settings. We sought to study all possible complications of COVID-19 to confirm previously reported complications and to identify potential complications not yet known. METHODS: Using United States health claims data, we compared the frequency of all International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes occurring before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in an exposure-crossover design. We included patients who received a diagnosis of COVID-19 between Mar. 1, 2020, and Apr. 30, 2020, and computed risk estimates and odds ratios (ORs) of association with COVID-19 for every ICD-10-CM diagnosis code. RESULTS: Among 70 288 patients with COVID-19, 69 of 1724 analyzed ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes were significantly associated with COVID-19. Disorders showing both strong association with COVID-19 and high absolute risk included viral pneumonia (OR 177.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 147.19-214.37, absolute risk 27.6%), respiratory failure (OR 11.36, 95% CI 10.74-12.02, absolute risk 22.6%), acute kidney failure (OR 3.50, 95% CI 3.34-3.68, absolute risk 11.8%) and sepsis (OR 4.23, 95% CI 4.01-4.46, absolute risk 10.4%). Disorders showing strong associations with COVID-19 but low absolute risk included myocarditis (OR 8.17, 95% CI 3.58-18.62, absolute risk 0.1%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (OR 11.83, 95% CI 5.26-26.62, absolute risk 0.1%) and pneumothorax (OR 3.38, 95% CI 2.68-4.26, absolute risk 0.4%). INTERPRETATION: We confirmed and provided risk estimates for numerous complications of COVID-19. These results may guide prognosis, treatment decisions and patient counselling.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Testing/methods , COVID-19/complications , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Risk Assessment/methods , SARS-CoV-2 , Adult , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/etiology , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Pandemics such as COVID-19 can lead to severe shortages in healthcare resources, requiring the development of evidence-based Crisis Standard of Care (CSC) protocols. A protocol that limits the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) to events that are more likely to result in a positive outcome can lower hospital burdens and reduce emergency medical services resources and infection risk, although it would come at the cost of lives lost that could otherwise be saved. Our primary objective was to evaluate candidate OHCA CSC protocols involving known predictors of survival and identify the protocol that results in the smallest resource burden, as measured by the number of hospitalizations required per favorable OHCA outcome achieved. Our secondary objective was to describe the effects of the CSC protocols in terms of health outcomes and other measures of resource burden. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) database. Non-traumatic OHCA events from 2018 were included (nâ¯=â¯79,533). Candidate CSC protocols involving combinations of known predictors of good survival for OHCA were applied to the existing dataset to measure the resulting numbers of resuscitation attempts, transportations to hospital, hospital admissions, and favorable neurological outcomes. These outcomes were also assessed under Standard Care, defined as no CSC protocol applied to the data. RESULTS: The CSC protocol with the smallest number of hospitalizations per survivor with a favorable neurological outcome was that an OHCA resuscitation should only be attempted if the arrest was witnessed by emergency medical services or the first monitored rhythm was shockable (number of hospitalizations: 2.26 [95% CI: 2.21-2.31] vs. 3.46 [95% CI: 3.39-3.53] under Standard Care). This rule resulted in significant reductions in resource utilization (46.1% of hospitalizations and 29.2% of resuscitation attempts compared to Standard Care) while still preserving 70.5% of the favorable neurological outcomes under Standard Care. For every favorable neurological outcome lost under this CSC protocol, 6.3 hospital beds were made free that could be used to treat other patients. CONCLUSION: In a pandemic scenario, pre-hospital CSC protocols that might not otherwise be considered have the potential to greatly improve overall survival, and this study provides an evidence-based approach towards selecting such a protocol. As this study was performed using data generated before the COVID-19 pandemic, future studies incorporating pandemic-era data will further help develop evidence-based CSC protocols.